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Question: Great talk!!! What do you think about an emerging theory of cardio-immunology in application of AF? Inflammatory and/or immune response are clearly involved in genesis of AF, and resident immune cells are present in atria in large numbers, and their number is increasing in disease.

Uli - this is a tour de force! WRT sex differences in fibrosis, do you think any of this might be reversible with long-term use of direct thrombin inhibitors?

Great talk!! What are your thoughts are neural control and remodeling causing alterations in regional neurotransmitter release? (Shivkumar-UCLA)

We have data showing significant differences between sexes in resident immune cells, which could contribute to EP/ AF differences.

excellent. WRT male/female differences does atrial fib dominant frequency depend on astral hemodynamics? atrial size?

Fabulous Uli! So impressive this integration of basic and clinical science. Something we rarely see in other institutions. Is physical proximity the key? How do you establish this level of mutual interest and respect?

We have been studying the actions of Relaxin to suppress AF in aged rats.It appears that aged females have more fibrosis and Relaxin for 2-weeks is effective at reversing fibrosis and suppressing AF. Child bearing history may have an impct on AF risk according to a study from Duke University.

Great talk! We also have seen right versus left atrial differences in gene expression and epigenetic.

In ISOLATION, are you planning to look at all AF, including paroxysmal? Will you map in sinus and in AF? One could imagine that the AF itself could influence EP parameters.

Amazing talk, Uli, thank you. Unfortunately I must leave now. Much more of this stimulating discussion! Bye for now Ursula

Wonderful talk, thank you!